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Last Updated: Wednesday, May 3, 2000 17:07


鷂Ƣ΀ ʮ ݧؒƣ ߀.

鷂Ƣ΀ ʮ ݧؒƣ ߀.

ǮԨ Ѷ. ݧƂ

ѶƂݒ݂

݁ߓ Ϸƣ ԩ

(Ƨ 񀂒 ݶ݂ ʮݒ/봓 ߢ )

ɴݢ΀ "ݧؒƣ ߀"

Ƃ ݧؒΨ ߀ ԢԀ "Ƣ݂ ‚ƴƣ ƮߢƧ ݷςƩ ƒƢƧƩ Ƨʮ, ưݧ ؀ʮ ƷưƷԨ, ƒ ߢƴ Ȁ:

1. ƢԒ ƒƷ Ƣ Ƨ خ݂ Ƨʮ ʁ - ԧςƣ ƮߢƧ

2. Ƨݒ ́ƴƣƀ ݢƢ Ƨ Ʒ݂Ƣ Ƨ΀ , ƒ ƒ ݢ ́Ƃƨ Ϸƣ ԩ

3. Ԓ ݮƴ ̔΀ Ƨ ƴƢ݂ Ʒ݂Ƣ Ƨ Ƣ, ݁ Ƣ, , ݒ, ߨƶƷ, Ϸԩ ݁ ΀ ƴƣ ʮ ƴƣ Ƨ Ȯ

4. Ƨݒ ݰςƷ ƣ ԩ

5. Ƣη Ƣ ߂ Ƣ ưȀ ʀƨ.

Ʒ : ݁ƣ ݁ƂƧݒϷ ƷưƢݴ ƴ ƣ ؀ ˀ ؓ, ݷȀƷ Ƨ Ƣ ݂ Ȁ ƮߢƧ ƧƢ خ݂?

݁Ƃ 1862 - 1985 . ưݷ Ϸƣ ԩ, ƢԢˮ ߢ ݧؒƣ ߀.
݁Ƃ ΀ ưΒ ߂ ưȀ ƷƢ΀ ƴƶ ݧؒƣ Ϸƣ ԩ
1862 ߧ݂ ʮ ݁Ƃ Ƣ݂ ؀ʀ
1935 ݷ, Ƣ ߮, ݂ƒ Ƣ, Ƃʮ ߧ݂ 봓 Ƃʮ ဨ 宂 ()
1936 Ƃʮ ؀ƮߢƧ Ƨʮ Ԩ΀ ݨ, Ȯ Ƃݒ΀ ‚ƴƣ
1949 ؀ƮߢƧ, ߁ ʀ ߮ شݒ 宂ƨ ݨ, Ȯ Ƃݒ΀ ‚ƴƣ, ʀ ݂ Ƨ݂ ƮߢƧƩ ʀ
1956 ؀ƮߢƧ, ߁ ʀ ߮ ̀ ƴƷ ƣݨ ဨςƣ ݂ ƣݨ Ƃʮ ဨ ǀƩ ƴ , ư ݁ƂƢݒ Ƨˮ ߮ ߀ Ɓ 10
1965 Ʒˮ Ʒ ́ Ƨʮ ƣݨ ƁȀ ߀ς ݧƢ ݨ Ʒ شݧ (ݴ 70-)
1977 ߮ ‚ƴƣ ƣƨ Ƣˀ ̔Ʒ آƶ; ؀ʮݴς΀ شݒ ݨ Ȁ ƮߢƧ ݂ ƣݨ ݷƩ ƨ؀ʮ ݒݒ ʀ ưƧ ߨƢ Ƃʮ ߀
1981 ƷݒƁ ƧƢ خ݂ ݂ π 춀 ݢ ݷƩ ƨ؀ʮ ݒݒ , ư ƒ ư Ƃʮ ߀ ƒ ư Ƃƴ ƮߢƧƨ
1985 ؀ƮߢƧ, ƣݷƢ݂Ʒ ƣݨƩ Ƨ݂ ʀ ƣݨƩ Ƃʮ ߀ ƣݨ Ƃʮ ߀ ဨ (ʀ, ݰƴ ߀); Ƣ݂ ưݷ "ݴϒݒƣ Ϸƣ ԩ"

Ʒ : ƧߓݴƷ ݁Ƃ ƒ 1985 Ƨ Ƨ "ݴϒݒΨ Ϸ ԩƨ?

݁Ƃ ƒ 1985 Ƨ ݒݴ Ƣ ƢݒϷ ݰƒ ưݷ "ݴϒݒƣ Ϸƣ ԩ", ƒƀ ݁ƢݴƷ Ƣ ƨ˴Ψ ư ݨ Ȯ Ƣ݂ ݨ ‚ƴƣ, Ȯ Ȁ , Ʒ݂ݢȮ , . ., "ݨƧȮ" "ݧؒΨ" Ƨݨ Ϸƣ ԩ.

݁Ƃ ƮߢƧ ݷ ƧƢ خ݂

ݓƩ Ƃ Ƣ Ƣ݂, ư

- Ƣη ̔Ʒ Ϸԩƣ ƮߢƧ;

- Ƨݒ شƧƧ ߀;

- Ɓݒ ߮, ݷƧ Ƨ Ψ΢݂ خݒς ̴Ƣ;

- ƧƢݒ ݂ ̂ Ƨ Ƣ...

1988 Ƨ ƒƷ Ƣ݂ ݴݒݒ, Ʒ݂ݢȮ ‚ƴƣ Ԓ "", ƒΩ ԢԀ ݰݒƩ "ݴݒݒƀ Ʒ݂ݢȀ Ϸƀ ԩ".

-݂ "ݴݒݒƀ Ʒ݂ݢȀ Ϸƀ ԩ" ߢ ݁ " Low-Input/Sustainable Agriculture", . . "LISA".

Ʒ : ݁ ƣݨ δ ݁ƨ ƒ 1990 Ƨ , ư Ƣݒ ߢ ݧؒƣ ߀?

݁ƂƧݒςΩ ݁ ƒ 1990 Ƨ ƣݷƢ݂Ω ӧ 1990 Ƨ ư؀ ݷˮ ȀȮ ƣݨ Ƃʮ ߀, ߧݴ Ƣ΀ ԣ ȀȮ ݁Ƃ, ƒΨ Դݷ ƒ ƶݩ ƒ Ȯ ƴƨ ߀.

Ƣ΀ ݷˮ΀ ƣݨ, ݂΀ Ƨݨ خ݂, Ϸ ԩƨ, Ƃʮ ߀ Ƣ, ߧ݂΀ ƣݷ ݁ ƒ 1990 Ƨ.

- ƣݨ "Ȯ Ƨ, ƴߓƩ Ϸƣ ԩ". ƣݨ δ 10 ƂƢ ݁Ƣ ߀ς

Ƨ, ƒ Ʒư Ϸԩƣ ƮߢƧ ΢ݴ ߓ ݣ߂ Ƨ.

- ƣݨ "ƨشƀ ߀". ƣݨ Ƣݴ Ƣ ηݶݒ ϒ, ƷưȮ ݂ ƣ ƁƢ Ȯ شݒ ƨ؀ʮ ƒ Ʃ ݂ƣ ƴ ߀ ƒƩ ƶݩ.

- δ ݷˮ "ƣݨ Ƃʮ ߀Ƣ݂" , ư Ϸԩ΀ Ƨ, ƮߢƧ ƒ ݣԒ Դ Ƨ.

Ʒ : ƧߓݴƷ ݁ ƒ 1990 . Ƨ ƢΨ "" ƮߢƧƨ ݁ ̒ Ƣ΀ ݢ ƒ߮ ݧؒƨ ߀?

݁Ƃ 1990 Ƨ ưݷ Ϸƣ ԩ ߧ Ƣ݂ ݮƣ ƣݷƢ݂ ݨ - ݷݨ ƣݨ ߮ 15 - 25 ʀƢ ƴ ߀ ƒƩ ݢ ƨ؀ʮƂ΀ شݒ. 駂݁, ƣ Ȯݒ ̒ 15 - 25 ʀ "ưƧƩ ߀" ϒ ̒ Դ ݷ ƨ؀ʮƂ شݒ, ƷƢ݂Ω ƒ ƶݩ.

䓴ϒ, ƒ΀ δ ˀ Ȯݒ ش݀ƨ ݷ ߀ ƣݷ ݁ ƒ 1990 Ƨ.

- 䓴ϒ, ΀ ƣݨƩ : ˀ, ߀Ƣ΀ , ´Ɓ.

- ݷԂ΀ ϒ : , Ƨƴ, ݂ƴ, ط, , ϒ, ΀ 宂ƨ.

- ϒ, شƧƢ - ƢȂ.

- Ӱ΀ ́؀ݴς΀ ƨ˴΀ ϒ, ΀ 宂ƨ.

ƣݷ ˀȀ ݁ƂƧݒϷ ƣ ΧԒ Ʈ Ƨ Ƨ ƮߢƧ ̒ ϒ, ƒ ƒԒ ƨ؀ʮƂ΀ شݒ. Ƣƀ ݁ƂƧݒϷ ߢƴ ݮƢ݂Ψ ݨ ́؀Ƣݒ Ʈ ݷ, ݴϒ݂ݒ΀ Ʒư ƮߢƧ, ƨ Ƨ ݧؒƣ ߀.

Ʒ : ߂݀ ݧؒƨ ߀ ƒ ƒ ʮƢ Ƣƣ Ϸԩƣ ƮߢƧ?

Ƃ . ݧؒƣ ߀ ƷƢƨ ߢ݂ Ʒݒƨ ʮ, ȀΨ ƷԒ ݨ ư ؀Ƨƣ ؀Ƨ ƧƩ Ƃ Ψ Ƣ݂Ԩ Ȯ ݧݨ Ʃ Ƃ.

ħؒƀ ߀ : ԢԀ

- ƷƩ ƒƧ ƒ Ƣƣ Ϸԩƣ ƮߢƧ.

- ƀ ߢ݂ ݂ƣ ߀.

- ƮߢƧ ƴρ ƴˮ

- ƴρ ƒƢƷ

- ݣ ݧ

- ݂ʀ ƒ ́ƴƣ ư

- Ƃݒςƀ ˀ ư Ƣˀ ƧƢ Ƣ

- Β ݒ ӧ 宂 .

ƣݨ ݧؒƣ ߀ δ ݰƒ݂ 宂ƨ , ư Ʒݢ ݨ ƴ˓ ưƧ ΰ, ƣ, ư ݂Ƣ ƴς΀ ƣ݂ Ӱƣ Ϸԩƣ ƮߢƧ. ƒ ƣݨ ݷ ƒƷԒ "ݴϒݒƨ Ϸƨ ԩ" "ݴϒݒƨ ƮߢƧ".

Ʒ : Ɓݴ Ƣ݂ ƒƷς ݢƷ ƁȀ ® ư ؀ʮƢ Ƣˀ ƧƢ?

΢Ƨ Ƣ݂, Ƣƣ ƨ ˒ݒ ഴƩ ݷ, " ݴς ư ®ݒƢ ƶ ߂ς Ƣη Ƨ". ƶ ƒςΩ Ƣη Ʃ Ƨ, ƴρ Ɓݒ ƴ ƴߓ ® ư ؀ʮƢ, - ̒ ƶΩ Ʒ. 钢 ݢ ƒ ƣ, ݁ ϒ Ƃ Ȯݴ ƀ , ݁ ݁ ®ݒ Ƃ Դ, ƒ ƷưƷ ƣ ԩ, ƒ

ƣ, ݁ Ԃ ݁ , . ., , ؓʮ ݷ ݷ.

: ƒ , ݁ , Ƣ݂ ݧƢƷ΀ ߀, ݂Ԓ΀ Ƨ ߓ, Ʒƴρ Ƃ ʮ, ƒ ݨ ƶݷ, ƒݶ݀ ݷȂ΀ ư ߨƶ΀ ˀ. . . ݧؒƀ Ϸԩƀ ƮߢƧ ݷ ؀ʮ ‚ƴƣ ƒς Ƣ ƮߢƧ, ݷƒ Ʒݴς ƂƢ ݣ݀Ʃ ݰƒ ݢԀ ߨƶΨ. , , ݷȀ Χ ƷƢ΀ ʮ ˮƁƀ .

Ʒ : ƶ ݁, ƀ ˀ, Β Ϸƨ ԩ ?

瀒. 鷂ƢΨ ΢Ƨƨ Ƣ݂ ԢԀ , ήӒ ƒ ƁȀ ݴς ư ®ݒƢ, ƴ ݢ ΰ, ݒ ݒݒ ư ƨ˴ ư ؀ʮƢ...Ʒƴρ ƒ΀ ƣ ߂ς ƧԒ Ʈ Ƨ. 퀂ʮ ݒݒ ® ݒ ݷ 1 ˀ ƶ ݰӧݒ ݂ , .

݂: ݒݒ/ˀ ˀ ؀Ƨ ݷ®, ݁, , 1983 1988 ., . . ݨ ƴ ˀ ̒ƒ ؀Ƨ ƁݒƷ.

Ʒ : Ϩ ƒ ݩ. ַ ݷƧ ݴς ư ® ؀ʮƢ δ ߂ς ƁȀ, ݨ݂ , ݂Ȯ Ʃ Ƨ ʀ, ƒ΀ ݷȀ ݴӒ ΂?

ɮƒ ݩ. ݶ ƴƶ, ݁ ߨ ƶ݀, ʀ ƮƩ, ߂ςƀ ƁȀ ® ݒƢ ƶ ݢƨݒ ݂Ƣݒ ηƁ Ƨ . Ȯ ݁ݨ ƷӒ ƣƧ, ƴƢ݂

݂ƣ ݷ Ʒ ƣ ԩ. ݁ Ӓ ߂ ưݴς΀ ݁, ݁, ݁ ƢƩ Ʒ Ƃʮ ́Ƣ; Ʒư ƴ˓ ƴ Ƃ Ӓ ΂ ʀ.

ƣ ΂΀ ʀ ƴ ƮߢƧ ݒݒ, ƮߢƧ ƴ ƴݣݒϷ Ʒ΀ ƒʮ, ư ư؀ ƴƶςƀ ݴϧ - Ƣ, ƒƀ ݀ ؀؀ ƴƷƩ ƣݨ ݧؒƷ.

Ʒ : Ƨ ƂԒ " ݷƧ", ƨ ݷƧƢ ư ؀ʮ?

ݷƧݨ ƒƷԒ: , ش, ưƢ݂, ݢ. ʀ Χ ƒ "ݧؒΨ ƮߢƧƨ" "ݧʮƂΨ" ƶ ݷݒݒ ƷƢ ̴Ƣ - ưƒ, ˁ, ư Ȯ.

̴ ݮ Ӓ ݮ ƒ ݢԒ, ݁ ߢݩ ݢԒ ƒ ƷưƷ ݂ , ݒ ΂ Ƣ.

Ʒ : ݁Ƣ ư € ưƒ ݷȀ ݨ݂ƣ ƢƧ ( "ݧʮƂƨ ƮߢƧ")?
뀢ưƒ Ƨ ߓ, 1988 .
ϒ ʀ ݂Ԓ Ƨ ߓ Ƨ (1988 .)
1986 1987 1988
26
5
ʀ 3
3
38
4
3
ˀ 1
ˀ 3
ʀ ʀ 4
ʀ 1
Ƣ 1
Ƣ 1

ƴ 3/4 ݂ Ȯ݀ ƂƷ, ƒς΀ Ƨ ƀ. ƂƷ ƩƩ ưƒ ƴƢݴ, ߨƶ, ݴς ư ؀ʮƢ.

Ʒ : ݁ Ʒ ߂Ӓ ߮ Ʃ ˀ €Ʃ ưƒƢ, ƒƩ ؀΢ Ȯݴݷ Ƨ ߀?

ƶ ؀ ʀΩ ԧ ư, ƒ΀ ߂ Ȁ - ƂƷ ƮߢƧ , ʀ ƒ Ƨ ݒϷ ʀ, ƮƧȮ .

ƒʮݴςΩ , ݂ƷΩ ƂƷƩ.

ƢȀ ݴς ư ؀ʮƢ ݂ ƂƁϒƩ ƶ:

- ߮ شƧƧ , Ʒư ݢ ݂ ݨ ƒ, ݁, ݁ ưƢ΀ ݷ ݢ;

- ˮ ƮߢƧςƷ - شƒ, ƁȀ ȂƷ Ƃƣ ư ưƴƣƩ ݁Ʒ;

- ˮ ؓʮ ݣƢ Ƣ ݰƴ݂ ݷ;

- ߮ Ψ΢݂ ®ݒƢ Ƣ΀ Ƨ.

Ʒ : ݁ € ưƒƢ δ ݰƒ݂ ݧؒݨ ݴϒݒƣ Ϸԩƣ ƮߢƧ? (݂. "ݴϒݒƀ ƮߢƧ" "ݧؒƀ ƮߢƧ" ݮݨԀ.)

瀁ƒ΀ Ƨ ưƒƢ, Ԁ ݴϒݒƨ ߀ ݩ ́؀ݴςΨ ؓ.
Ƨ ƒʮƂ ϒ ݶƣ ƴ
1 2 3
1981 Ƣ/ݷΩ
1982 Ƣ/ݷΩ
1983 Ƣ/ݷΩ Ƣ/ݷΩ
1984 ˀ/Է
1985 Ƣ/ݷΩ
1986 Ƣ/ ưƢ /
1987 ˀ/ ưƢ ˀ/


ߴ ݧʮƂΨ ݴϒݒΨ ߀.
ݧʮƂƀ ߀ Ĵϒݒƀ ߀
뀢ưƒ 䓁-- -- 먀݂΀ ϒ, ƷƢƨ - ưƢ΀ ߮΀ ݒ΀
Ʒư ˁ 宂ݴς ˁ, ˁ ƒݴςΨ شƨ ƂƢ݂ , ƣ ̒ ߨƶ, ˁ
ư ݴς΀ ư () ưƢ ưƒ, ˮƁƀ ݂ƣ ƒ, ƁȀ ® ƒ, Ʒ ݴ; ʮ
Ƨ Ȯ ݷ ƷԂƀ ® ؀ʮƢ ˀ ؀ʮƢ, ƴƣ Ƃƴ, ϒʮ, ưƒ, Ʃ΀ ƴ߂Ԩ , ݰӧ Ԩ Ψ ݣݨ, ؀ʮƢ ݩ


Ʒ : ߂ "ƂƢ݂" ݁ ̒ ƒ ƂԒ "ݧؒƀ ߀"?

ƂƢ݂ ƒƷ Ƨݨ ưݰƒ ߀, ƷưȮ ݂ , ƁȀ ߮Ƃ ʀƢ ˀ ƒ ư, ݂ Ʃ ؀ݒƩ, ݷ ݷ شƒ , . ., ư, ư ߂Ȯ ݧʮƂ ƧƢ ưݰƒ ߀.

ƁƢ ϒ ΧӒ ݒݴς΀ ƨƂ, ƒ΀ ԧƢ ݷ. ƒ ʀ ΢݀ "ݴݒ".

봀Ȯ Ɓ Ɓ΢݀ ݁ Ʃ ưݰݒ΢Ӓ ƴρ ߧ, ƒ΢ ߧ ˀ ߨƶƷ ƢƩ ߮, ƴƷ ݂ Ƣ‚Ʒ ƴ.

ư, Ʒƀ ݂Ψ Ƨƨ, ΢݀ "Ψ" ƒƴƶƷ "ˮƁƨ ( ߰ݷ΢݂)".

봀 € Ɓ΢݀ Ʒݢ˓ӷ ݷ Ƨ ƂƢ݂, ƣ ԢӒ Ƨ ݢȀ Ʃ ԧƁ.

Ʒ : ݁ ƶ ݢ ݧʮƂƀ ݴϒݒƀ ߀ ư ƣݨ Ȯ ݷ?

ݧʮƂƀ ߀ ̒ƨ ݀ ƴݣ݀ ݴς ưݰƒ, ưݰƒ ưݰƒ ƒݴςΨ شƨ, , ݁ ݴϒݒƨ ߀ Ԁ Ʒưƀ ݂ ưƒ, ݂Ʃ ϒʮ ƢʮƂΨ Ƨݨ, ݁, , ƂƢ݂.

Ăݴ Ƨ݂ ƒ, ƢƧΩ ߧ Ʒ, ؀ ư, ؀ ΢݀ "ݧʮƂΨ".

ƣݨ ݴϒݒ ƧƢ Ȯ ݷ Ʒƀ ʮ ˮ ưȮ ݒݒ, ݂ ΢݂ ߂ƣ ʮ ƴ߂ ݂ߨƢ.

Ʒ : ݁ ƣݨ ƒƣ ư ƨ ݴϒݒƨ ߀?

Ƣ: ݁ ƴʀ ʀؒƢ ƂƢ݂ ƣݨ ư ݴϒݒƣ ߀ Ȁ, ƶ ư ƒ΀ Ƃʀʮ ʮ, ΀ ƣ .

(Ƨ 񀂒 ݶ݂ ʮݒ/봓 ߢ )

ƣݨ ƒƣ ư ݴϒݒƣ ߀.

ݢ ݒ - "߀Ω ݢ" - (ưƢ΀, ƧȮ ƒ, ) Ʒ؀ ݨӒ ® ƒ΀ ư Ӓ Ȯ ̔:

- ˀ ʮ, Ψ΢݂, ; ˮ ݷƧ ƒ ԁݨ, - ƣݨ Ԁ ݢς, (. ., خݒς΀ ̴ ƷԒ ݢςƀ , ߁ƀ ݁ݴςƣ ƒ ݷԨ);

- ݨԀ ʀ ݴʮ ݨΨ ƢԀ ƒƷ ƴƷƨ ƒ خݒς ̴Ƣ ݷԨ;

- Ʒ݂ݢ݀ ݂ , , ȂƷ Ƃƣ ư ưƴƣ ݁Ʒ, (. ., "ʀ ߴƶ", ƮߢƧƩ , Ȁ ݷς ƷݒƢ Ʒ؂΀ ݷ خݒς΀ ̴).

݂. ƣݨ ư ( ƣݨ Ƣˀ شƧƧ) ݁ ƒ ƒ € ưƒ. 뀢ưƒ ưƧ ݁ ƒƨ, Ƃ ߢƴԀ Ψ ݷԨ "Ƨݒ" ΀ خݒς΀ ̴, Ʒݢˮ ƒ ݷ, , ƨ ƣ, ƁƢ΀ ϒ ƣ ΢ݒ Ω ƒ, ƒ݀ Ψ΢݂ ߢƴԀ ƒ ηưƶݒϷ ( ߧ) ʀ ߴƶ.

Ʒ : ƶ ݒ ƒ? 瓶݀ ݶ , ƒƩ ƴߓӒ Ƨ ݧؒƣ ߀, ߢ ƒ ݂ƣ ƒ?

ݶ ݧؒ ݀ ߢ ƒ, Ƣ, ƒ΀ ݒ ƒ, ƴ ش݂Ƣ݂ ݷƧƩ ƣݨ ƴρ ƒƷ ΂ ߀, ưƧƷ ư؀ Ʈ ƒ ݨ.

Ʒ : ݁ ƣݨ ݴ Ʒݒ ư ƨ ݴϒݒƣ ߀?

ꀁƨʮ Ʒݒ ݴ ư ( Ƣˀ Ƣ Ƨ݂ Ʒ ݴ ) ƷƢ݂ ؀ʮ ƒƷ ϒ ݴ݂ خݒς ̴Ƣ .

ʮ Ʒݒ ݴ ư ݴϒݒƨ ߀.

- ƒ ƒ ƒ, ƒΩ ƶ Β Ƣ ݷ - ߂ ʮ, ݷ Ʒ ݴ ƣ ƴԒϷ ƴρ ƷƂ Ƣ;

- Ʒ ݧʮƂƣ ߀ ƶ ԢϷ ؀߰ΒƁ Ʒ ݴ ƴρ ƶ ߂ݒ ưƧƷ ưݢ ̒ ̴Ƣ - Ʒư ƨ ݀, ˀ

, Ƨ݂ ݂ Ƣ ƷưӒ ؀Ƨ ȀȮ ݷƢ , Ʒ؂΀ ݷ;

- ƨ ƴςƣ Ʒ, ݮƴ ݷ ƒԀΨ ݴϒݒΨ ݨ, ԢԀ ݨΩ Ʒݒ ݁ ݨ ؀Ʒݒ (ưݰƒ݂ƣ ƒƩ), Ʒư € ưƒ, ƒΩ Ƨ ߀Ω ݢ; ݨΩ Ʒݒ ƷԒ ƨƷ; ݢ ԢӒ ݁ ˮ ƨ Ʒ;

- ƨ ݴ ݴϒݒ Ƣ ԢԀ ݨ δ; ؀ƧΩ ؀Ƨ ƶ ƂݧưϷ ƴ ؀ݰƒ݂ ݴ.

Ʒ : ݁ Ƨ Ȯ ݷ ƨӒ ݴϒݒƨ ߀?

倒Ƨ Ȯ ݷ ݴϒݒƨ ߀ Ʒ ݂ Ʃ ưƒ, Ʒưƨ ưݰƒ ߀ ݨƩ ߢ ؓʮ ݣƢ.

倒Ƨ Ȯ ݷ ݴϒݒƨ ߀.

- ΢݂ ߂ƣ ʮ ԁƢ - ݷƨ ƨ ưƒƢ;

- ƂƢ݂;

- ݴݒ (ݷς΀ Ʒݒ ΧӒ ΀ ʮ);

- ݂ ϒʮ;

- Ƣ݂ ừƨ ƷݧƁ, Ʒݧ, ݷԂ ԧݨ ݷԨ, ߂ư߮ ΰ ϒ Ƣ;

- ƨش Ȯ ݷ, ݀ ƀ ݰӧ ƴƢ݂ ƴƣ ƧƢ Ȯ, . . ݷƨ - ݣƢ ݒƣƢ;

- ƴƣ ؀ʮƢ;

- Ʒƒ ́Ƃƨ π ԁƢ ƒƢ ߓݴςΨ πݨ.

ݶ Ƣ ϒʮ, Ƣ ʀ ϰ ԁݨ, ư Ƣ݀ ƶݩ Ʈ ݧʮƂƨ

߀, ݶ ® ؀ʮ Ʒݒ ƶ ԁƢ.

Ʒ : ݁ ƶ Ƣݒ ߴ ݧʮƂΨ ݴϒݒΨ ߀ ԢԀ ݢƩ ݰƒƩ Ƣ, ưȮ· ؀ ݴϒ݂Ω Ʒư ԩ?

ħؒƀ ̀ ƒ݀ ƒ ݧʮƂƣ ̴ݨ Ϸԩƣ ƮߢƧ. Ƣݨ, ؀Ƨ ݴؒƀ ߀ ߂݀ ƴƀ ߨ Ʃ . 鷂Ƣ΀ Ʒ, ƒ΀ ߂Ӓ Ƣ ؀Ƨ ݧؒƀ ߀, Ȯ:

- ݁ ƢԀ ƶݩ ƁȀ ݴς ư ؀ʮƢ?

- ƒ ݧ΢ݒ ƴˀ Ʒ ݰƒ ݧݒ ݰƒ?

- Ƨݨ - ݁ ?

Ʒ : Ȁ Ʒ ʮ ؀Ƨ ݧؒƀ ߀?

瀒. Ĵϒݒƀ (ݧؒƀ) ߀ ݢ ƒ ˁƨ ƴƣ ƴ ߂ư߂ ݁Ƣ, ư ̒ ƶ δ Ʒ ƂԒ ݰʓ, ƧƧȓ ݂. ݩ , ݧ Ƣ݂, ݁Ƣ ݷ ݰӧ݀, Ƨ ݴϒݒƣ ߀ ݷ ƴ Β ؀ʮƩ ݂Ʃ Ʒ ( ƴˮ ϒ ƣݔ ƴƶ).

Ȁ ƷƩ Ƣ ݧؒƣ ߀.

- ʮ ݣƂƨ ߨƶ ƒ ƒ ́Ƃƨ ʮƢ ƷƔ ʀ ƒςƣ ƒςƩ ;

- ݮˮ ߓϒݒ ƴӒ ݧؒƢ݂ ‚ƴƣ ƧƩ ( η , ݒ, ݒݒ, ˮƣ , ưƢ݂, ƒƷ ƒ, ΂ Β ߂݂ );

- ؀Ƨ ݧؒƀ ߀ ƶ ݁ݒϷ ƴƷƨ ƀ - ƴρ Ƨ, ƴρ - Ȁ Ȁ Ƨƣ ݁Ƃƣ ؀Ƨ ؀Ƨƣ ؀Ƨ, ȀƷ Ʒݒ ƴ, ư ݒ ƒ ݶ Ƣ΀ ư, Ȯ ؀ , ƴρ ݀ ؀Ƨ.

Ʒ : Ƿ , Ɓݴ ݴς΀ ́؀ Ƣ ؀Ƨ ݴϒݒƀ ߀ - Ɓݒ ƶݩ ߓϒݒ?

ƒ ƣ݂Ψ ݂Ψ ƴˮ Ƣ ưӒ ƁȀ, ư ƶ, ƴƀ ƒƢ ϷӒ ƨ, ݁ ߨ Ʈ˴. 瀁ƒ΀ ưӒ ư ƶ.

ƶ ݂Ψ Ƣ Ȯ:

- ʮ خݒς ̴Ƣ (48 ʀƢ ƒƢ)

- ư ԁƢ (72 ʀ ƒƢ)

Ʒ : ưݴ ư ƶ ݧؒƩ ?

ς ưӒ ư ƶ ؀Ƨ ݧؒƀ ߀. ģƂƨ Ƣ݂ ݁ ƧӒ ̒ƒ ΢Ƨ. 촓ˀ ưݰƒ ߀, Ƣˀ ƧƓ ƷưƷ , ƁȀ ݢ ƴ߂ ƣȀ خݒςΨ ̴ݨ ݷ ԢӒ ƴƶςΨ ݁ݨ, Ȯ Ƣˀ ƶ. ݁ Ɓ݂ , ƒ, ƧȮ ưƢ ݷ, ؀Ƨ , Ʒ؂΀ ݷԨ, Ʃ Ƨ Ʒ Ʒݧ. ݁ ưƢΨ ݷԨ ƒƷ, , , ƒ ƒ ݒƷ Ʈ .

ƶ ƁݒϷ, ߀, ݂ԒƩ Ƨ ߀Ω ݢ, ƧƢ Ȯݒ ƨ ϒ. ƴ Β ݴρʮ ߨƶ ƧƢ ؀Ƨ ݧؒƀ ߀.

Ʒ : ƶ Β ݁ƀ- ƴƶ ݧؒƣ ߀ Ԓ ݁ ƢΩ ̒ π߂Ʃ ݰƒ ؀Ƨ ݧʮƂƣ ߀?

뀢ưƒ ԢԀ ʀݴςΨ ̴ƨ ӰƩ ݧؒƣ ߀.

݀ƴςΩ ݨ ؀˂ƣ ؀Ƨƣ ؀Ƨ.

ݰƒ ưƒ, ƒΩ ƴρ ưݣƧ ƒݒ ݷƷ݂ ƴ߂ , ݁ ƒƢݒ Ȯ ƒƷԨ ƒςƩ :

- Ȯ݂ ϒ, ƧƧȮ - Ƨ - ݒ ƢԨ Ȯ· Ƣ;

- ݴ ΂ Β ϒ, ݷȮ ưƒ;

- ΰ ϒ, ƒΨ ƶ ݰƒݒ ƨ ȀƷ ưƢ݂, ƢƩ , ߨƶƷ ؀ݰƒ ݂;

- ư؀ ưƧƣ ݰƒ Ȯ݀Ψ ϒݨ;

- ƒ ϒ ƒƷԨ ;

- ߧ Ƣƣ ݰ ϒ ƂΩ ӧ ;

- , ݁ ƢΩ ݰ ϒ ƢԀ ƒʮ Ϸƣ ԩ .

݁ ưƨ ƷȀԀ ؀Ƨ ƣ ԩ ݧؒ ߀Ʈ?

- Ʒ؀Ω ƒƧ ƒ ƒʮݴς ® ݒƢ ݰƒ ƢƩ ݒ ؀Ƨ ƴρ .

- Ƨ Ƣ Ƨƨ ݷ ԩ Ω ؀Ƨ , ư δ ư ߂݂ Β ݧؒƣ ߀. (瀁ƒ΀ ΀ ƨӒ ؀Ƨ ƴˀ 10 ʀƢ Ƨ Ƨ.)

Ʒ : ƷΨ ƒʮԨ? œ Ƃ ƒԂ ؀Ƨƣ ؀Ƨ?

ƣݷ ݁Ƃ ƒ 1985 Ƨ - , . ƀ ƒ Ƃ ƒ 1990 Ƨ, ݷ, ݷȀ "ݴϒݒƣ Ϸƣ ԩ", ɴݢ ƨ ƒ݀, ƴ Β ƣݨ ߨ ƣ ԩ , ư "Ƨ, ƴ Ƣݒ ƴ ưƧ ΰ ԩ, Ʒư, ̒ Ƣ݂ ݴݒݒ΀, ݨƧȮ Ϸԩ΀ ‚ƴƣ." 钢ƨ ̒ƒ ΢Ƨ δ Ԓ Ƣƣ ݁Ƃ 1990 Ƨ, ƒƨ δ ݷˮ ưݷ "" ƒʮ.

: " Ĵϒݒƀ Ϸƀ ԩ, ݴς΀ ݂ Ʒݢ ݨ ưƧ ΰ".

ƷƢ΢ݴ Ʒ 74 Ƣ, Ȯ ؂΀ ԩ ƷƢΨ ΢Ƨݨ δ Ȯ:

- 75 ʀƢ Ƣ ݷˮ ݷ Ʈ ϒ, ƣ ݂ Ʒ΀ ƒʮ, ƷƢ݂΀ ƒ Ƨʮ, ƮߢƧƩ Ʃ شݧ;

- ƴˮ Ƣ ݰ , ‚ƴƣ ݴϒݒƣ ߀ ƒ ƴ Ƨ ݢ΁Ƣ Ƣ ƴˮ ư ԁݨ, Ɓݒ ƶݩ ߮ Ƨ;

- ƣ , ƴƢ݂ ưƢ ϒ, Ȯ ƒ, ưƩ ƶ ƒ ƴˀ , ݴς ư;

- ƴˮ Ƣ , ˮ Ʒưƨ Ɓݒ ́Ƃƨ ݷ ƣݨ, ݷˮ ݷ ƀ Ƨʮ.

ݴ ΢Ƨ, " ݴςƀ ݢϷ Ƣ Ԓ Ƨ ݴϒݒƣ Ϸƣ ԩ", Ƃ ƴ ߨ ݢ ݷ Ʃ ƣݨ ݷˮ ƢݒϷ ưƢݒς΀ ƣݨ, ưƧ΀ ߂݁ƨ Ƣ ݂Ψ, ƒƷȮ ݧؒƨ ߀. ݁Ƃ ƒ 1990 Ƨ ݷ, ݷȀ ƢƩ ƣݨ Ƣ݂ ƢݒϷ ݰƒݨ, ư݀ ̒.

Ʒ : ݀ ƣ, ư Ƨ Ƃ݂ Ԓ ݧؒƣ ߀?

宂 ݷȀ ƢƧ ʀΩ ԧ ƣݨ, ݷ݂ , ư ʮ Ȁ ݧؒƣ Ϸƣ ԩ ݷƷ݂Դݷ ݁ ƶ ˮ. ƨ΀ 1985 Ƨ, ƣݨ δ ߂ς 1990- ݷȀ ừӒ ݁ , ݁ 뀴Ϸԩ ƢݒϷ , ؀ݒ΀ Ϸԩ΀ ˒ݒƢ 봓 ߢ .

ƢݒϷ ݰƒ ưݷ ݧؒƣ Ϸƣ ԩ.

- ݣƂƨ ‚ƴƣ Ƨ, Ʒƒ΀ ؀ʮ ߨ ݷƧ ߨ ưȀ ƧƧ ƣ ԩ;

- ݴʮ ưƧ΀ ݒݒ, ưƧ΀ ƴρ Ʒ ƮߢƧ ݰƒ, ưȀ ݧؒƣ ԩ;

- ߨƶ Ƣ,

- ݴ ݰ , ƣ ưƧ ƢƧ ƷƢ΀ ݰƒ ( Ԁ ݢƷ ƒ ߂ư߂ ݁Ƣ, ݁ ƣƧ, ݧ Ʒ, ؓʮ . .)

- ݢ ηΨ ݷ ̔Ψ ߧ ® ݒƢ ԁ Ψ Ԃ Ɓȓ , ݒݒݨ ư, ݷƷ ߧƢ;

- ưȀ߂΀ Ʒ,

- ݂ ̂ Ƣ (ƁȀ ừƢ ش, ƴߓƣ ݰƒ )

- ́ƴƣ ư ݒݒ ˀ ( - ̒ƨ شݒ?)

- Զ ݧؒƣ Ϸƀ ԩ ȀȮ ƣݨݨ , ݁ ƣݨƩ Ƃʮ ߀, ݁ ƣݨƩ Ʒ ƒʮ.

Ʒ Ƣ݂ Ɓݴ, ؀ ؀Ƨƣ ؀Ƨ ݢ ƒ "ƣ ƧƧ". ħؒƀ ߀ ừ ƣ Ʒ Ʒ ݓ ưݷ Ϸƣ ԩ - ݁, , ƨش Ȯ ݷ ˮ ‚ƴƣ ߀ˀ. ȀƩ ƷݢȀ ԢԀ , ݧؒƨ ߀ ݁ Ʒ, , Ƣ݂ .

݁Ƃƨ ƒ 1990 Ƨ ؀ʮݴς΀ Ƣ݂ ưݷ ݧؒƣ ߀ δ 40 ƂƢ ƴƢ Ƨ. ư ưݒϷ, ƣ ̒ ݴ, : ̒ƣ, 1988 Ƨ, ӧ 100 ƀƢ ưݷ ݰƒ ‚ƴƣ ݧؒƣ

߀, Ȯ 1860 Ƣ, ƷݢԴ 10 ƂƢ ƴƢ 14 ƂƢ ƴƢ ݷ ƒʮ.

ħؒƀ ߀: ߓϒݒ ƢݒϷ ݰƒ.

- ƴƢ݂ ƁƢ ϒ ݀ ߮ Ɓ݀ Ψ΢݂ خݒς ̴Ƣ , “Ȁ Ƨ, ư؀ Ȯ ϒ "ưƧΨ" خݒςΨ ̴ݨ;

- ƴƢ݂ Ɓ ԁƢ ϒ ư؀݀ ̔ Ȯ ݷ;

- ݴݒݒ΀ Ƨ ƮߢƧ , Ʈ, ƢȀ ƣ Ƨݒ Ƣ ƶݩƷ;

- ƴƢ݂ ưƢ ݒ ϒ ƶΩ ̔,

- ƂƢ݂ ߢƴԀ ƴƷ ʮ ƒ ݧ, ƮߢƧ ;

- ԰Ɓ, Ʃ ݰƴ݂Ԩ, ƣ ȮݒϷ 뀢-ƷƩ ݷ ݂ ʮƢ;

- ݷ Ƣ ݧ ƴρ ߢƴԀ ƂƴƢݒ ԁ, ݀ ݷƷ ʮƂ ݰƴ݂;

- ؀Ƨ 3-ƧΩ ưƒ Ƣ݀ ƶݩƷ ˀ, ƷƢƨ ΢݂ ߂ƣ ʮ ƴ߂ ƣ݂ݨƢ Ʃ Ƃ;

- ߁ƒ‚ƴƣ΀, ˀ΀ طƢ΀ Ɓ ƧӒ ݶƷ Ʒݒ ƮߢƧςƷ, , , ݒݒ ΀ ݷ Ƨ;

- ƴƢ݂ ݢƢ Ƣ݀ ƮߢƧςƷ ݀ ́ƴƣ ư;

- Ƣ ϒ ưƒ Ɓ݀ ƒƷ ʮ ݀ Ȯ ݷƧ, ư؀ ƀ ԩ ݨ Ƨ.

Ʒ : ݁ ƣ ݮƢ݂΀ ӧ Ԓ ݷ ƣݨ ?

ư ƴ ݴς˓ ʮ ݧؒƨ ߀, ưݩ 봓 ߢ , 봓 Ƃʮ ߀ ʮƂݴς Ϸԩ ƒ. ư ƴ ʮ ƨ, ݁ ƶ ƶ Ԣ Ƣ ƢݒϷ ݰƒ, ưݩ Ȯ ʀ:

(Ƨ 񀂒 ݶ݂ ʮݒ/봓 ߢ )



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