Copyright 2000 by Center for Citizen Initiatives.
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(Ƨ ݶ݂ ʮݒ/봓 ߢ )
ݢ ƒ ƣ, ƴƩ ݴρ ݷ ݷƁ, Ϩ ʀư߂ ƒ Ƨ ƨƷ , ư ݒ ΰݷ݀ ƒƨ ݀ ݒݴ ˀ, Ʒưƀ ưݣƧ . ưݢΩ , ƴߓΩ , ƨƷ Ʒ݂ݢ݀ خݒς ̴ , ´Ԁ Ƣ݀ ƧƓȓ ƷưƷ ݂ .
ݩ ưݒ Ӱ ݂ ݒݴ, ƒ ƣ ΰݷݴ, ߰ݩ Է ƒƧƢ ƒƧƢ, ƧȮ ݷςƀ ݷ, . . ̒ Ƨ Ӓ ƒ ݷƨ, Ӱ ƣ , ݨӒ ʀ ƨƷƢ݂. ݁ ߰ݩ Ƣ ƒ ́Ƣ ʮƢ, ݷς ݒݴƢ, Ƨݢˮ· ưݰƒ ʮݨ, (, ݂ ݢ ưݰݒ݀ Ƣ). ַ ݀ " ƨƷ", ưݢԩ ԁ ʮƢ݂ ƴς ݷ. ݁ ƨ ưݢԒ ƣƴ ԁƢ: Ƃ ƣ ζ ʀ ƨƷƢ݂ Β ߂ ƣƧ ߰ݷ݂ ƒƢƣ ƨƷ.
ƨƷ ƶ ݒ ƒΒƩ , ʮݴς ƀ " ݁ƨ " ƴ ƴ߂, Ʒƴρ ΣԧԒ ݁ݒ ݂Ӓ ƨƷ ƒ ƂƢ ߂ . ƶ خ ƨƷ Ȯ ƨ˴ƣ ƮߢƧ, ƶ ݒ Ƨ ݒݴƢ, ݁ Ʒ, ʀ Ɓ, خ . . ַ شݧ ߢƴԀ, ˀ δ ƴƢݒ ƨƷΩ ݁ƨ, ƷȮ ƴρ, ƒ ƒ , ݷ. ̒ƨ ݀, ƣ Ƨ ݷ ƴ, ƶ ݒ ƴԒ ȓ.
݁Ʃ ݩ ΰݴ, ˀ, Ƨ ƨƷƩ Ƣƀ, Ʒˀƀ, ư ƨƷ شݢݴ Ƨ. ش, ƴƶ ƷƢ݂ ƴƨ, Ƃ ݷ ߨƶƷ ߧ ưƧ ʮƢݒ.
ַ ߀Ω ݒݴ, ưݢΩ ݨ ƨƷ, Ʒݒƶ ݶΩ, ݨ ưƧƷ ƴς ݶԒ . ƒƨ ݀ ݨ ƒ ưݢ Ƨ, ư ݁߮Ƣݒ ʀ ߴƶ.
ưݢ ƴρ ݒ ˀ ƣƧƩ ƒƢƣ ƨƷ ƷưƢݒ ƴ ̔ƨ ݷ ݂ߨƢ ʀ ƨƷƢ݂.
ݴ ƨƷ ƴ ݶƩ Ƃ ݩ 90 ˀ, 1,5 - 1,8 , ư ʀ ߴƶ Ƨ ݢς.
Ȁ ƷƢ Ʒư ƒƢ ƨƷ: ƨƷ ƴƧΩ ƨƷ. ƴƧΩ ƨƷ ƒƢ, ƴ ςƀ . ƨƷ ƒƢ ƶ, η.
ƨƷ.
Ѵ ƒƢ ƒ 2 6 . ƒƢƷ ƨƷ ƶ ݰʮ ݒ ƨƷƩ ˂ , (. . ƣ ƒς ݒݴ, ƒ ưݢԴ ƨƷ ݂ƢԒ ƴ ߴ ưȀ ).
Ƨ, ƒԀ ƨƷ, ݧӒ Ʃ ƀ, Ʒ ˮӒ ƨ. ƶ ưϷ ˀ ݴ݂Ƣ݂Ʒ, ƴߓ ƨƷ ߮ς ݢ ݷ ƣ ݒݴ ( , ƴƨ ݣ) ߀Ω ݒݴ ݢ. ưݢ ˁƨ ƴƣ ƴ Ƨ ߂݀, ݣݒϷ. ߨƀ ƴ ƒ Ƣ ư Ƃ. ݶΩ Ȯ Ʃ Ʒݩ ߀, ư ݢςƀ ƴ ݂ߨƢ.
Ƿ, ƣ ̒ ߨƶ, ߨݩ ưݢԀ ݒݴ , ݁ ƨƷ . ǀ π Ƣ, π, ߀ ݣ ƴ Β ݂. ԁ, ʮƢ݂ ƴς ݷ ݧ ƨݒ , , ݒ ˀ.
ˮ ƨƷ ƴ݀ , ƒ 1,2 ݶ Ƃ. 倂 ̔ ݣݒϷ, ƴˀ ݰƒݒ, ƣ ƒ ݒ Ʈ ʮ.
ƴߓ ƨƷΨ ƨƨ, ư ƂƴƢݒ ݒ ƨƷƩ . Ƨݩ ݒ 71 . (), . . ƴ ηƁ ݒ ƶ ݶ ƨƷȮ ݂ߨ. ƨƷ, Ƨ݀ ƷԂ ݒ . ƨ ƣ, ƀ ݂ Ƣ݀ Ƣ Ƨ , ݀ ưƴƣ ݁Ʒ. ַ ݨ ƴ ƨƷ ݁ ƶ , ݩ ݶ ƴρ , Ɓ ݂ ݣݒϷ. Ʒư ʀ ߴƶ. ַ ˁ , ƴ Ʒݒ ƨƷ Ƨ Ʒ ƣ, ݁ ݴ ݣݒϷ.
ƴ ƷݢݒϷ ݶƩ, Ʃ. ַ Ƃ ´, Ʒ ƴ ƧƩ ˴݂. ݀ Ʒݒ ƴ ƴρ Ԩ. 贀, Ʒ Ƣ , ƨƶ Ƨݒ ݶƷ , ƨ ƣ, ԒƢݒ Ψ݂ خݒς ̴Ƣ ςΨ ƶԨ.
ַ ݴ ƂԒ, , ư Ƣ; Ƃ Ɓݴݷ ˁƨ ݶƩ, ưݢϒ ƣ ݒݴ ݁Ʃ شƩ. ַ ʀ ߴƶ ƒ݀ ˁƨ , ưݢϒ ߀ƣ ݒݴ ݒݴ, ƧȀ ƴƀ ƴ ƒ, ˀρ ƴ ƧƩ Ʃ.
ƴƧΩ ƨƷ.
݁Ʃ ƨƷ , ư ƨƷ ݴ, ʀ ƨƷƢ݂ ƒ݀ . ݨ ݧ Ʒ Ƨƶݒ ƒ 6 12 ʀ, Ʒ ƣ ݁ ƶ ݂ ݒݴ. ưݢԩ , ƧȀ , Ʒƴρ ݒ ƷݒƩ, ư ƶ .
ƣ ƨƷ ƒƢ, Ʒ 12-Ƣ ݴ , ư ƒƷ ˁƨ . ݶ ߰ݷݩ ƨƷ ƀ ƣƧ ƀ ƒ 2,5 5 . ַ ݂ݴ Ɓ݀ ݴ݂ خݒς ̴Ƣ, ݴ ưݢϒ ư, ݒ ƨƷ. ƨƷ ƶ ݒ ߀, ƶ Ʒݢ ƢƷ . ݁ ƨƷ ƶ ƴƢݒ Ȯ݂ ݷݧ ƨȀ. ̒ƨ ݀ ƨƷ ݒ ƨ, ƨ ݒݨ, ƴߓΨ شƨ ԩ.
ƒƢ ƨƷƣ .
ƨƷΩ ݩ ưݢԀ خݒς ̴ . ƴƶ ƨƷ ݢ ݂Ω Ɓ ݢԶ Ɓ. ƨ Ɓ Ƃ ƧƩ (Ƨ ݒ ƨƷ ݢ 23 Ƨ). 讒ݒς ̴ ƨƷ ݷԒ Ƨ. ƶ, Ɓ Ƨ ư -ƣ ʢ Ʒ ̒ƣ ƶ ƴƢݒ ݷ ƴ ݷ. 봮ˁƨ ςΩ ݷ ƶ ݷ.
| Ʒݢ ƨƷ | ||||||
| ݒݴ | Ƨ݂ ƒ | Ƨ݂ Ƨ | ƨ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ﴀ ߧ | ηƁƀ | ߁ƀ | ƶ ߮Ƣ; ߨ ߨݩ ƨƷ | |||
| ƴƒΩ Ɣ | ηƁƀ | ߁ƀ | ηƁ Ƣ ƒƷ; ԩ ƨƷ ƒƴӰ ݷ ݩ ƴˮ ƴƨ ߢ, ư Ƣη | |||
| ߁ƀ | 瀒 | 倧 ߴݣ݀; ߨ , ݁ ưݢԒ ƨƷ; ƣݒΩ ݴς ư | ||||
| ݢˮ | ߁ƀ | ηƁƀ | ݁ ƒΩ ݒݴ Ƣ݂ ƒƴӰ ݷ | |||
| 哷, ƧΩ ƴ | ߁ƀ | ߁ƀ | ƣ ݒݴƢ, ƶ Ƨݒ ƴƀ ƴ ݒݴƢ | |||
| 鷒ݒ ݷ, ݂ ݴ ƣƧ | ߁ƀ | ηƁƀ | рԂ ݒݴ ߴݣӒ; ưݢԩ ݂ Ƣ | |||
| ߁ (, , , ƶ) | ηƁƣ | ߁ƀ | 〣 ƨƷӒ | |||
| ˮ Ƣ ƢȮ | ηƁƀ | ߁ƀ | ƣ , ˀ ݒ ݁Βƨ Ʃ ݒ | |||
| œݣ Ƃ | 瀒 | ηƁƀ | ƨ ݩ ݨ, Ȯ ηƁƀ Ƨ݂ ƒ; ƴ ƷݢԒ ƴ 25% ƨƷƩ | |||
| ƴƢ݂ ߀ ˁƢ | ߁ƀ | ߁ƀ | ַ ݂ ʮ ; ˀ ƨƷƢݒ ηƁƩ ݒ | |||
| ԁ | ƨƷ ηƁƩ ݒ, ư ƶ | |||||